Executive Summary: Internally, SuperDuper! can now make bootable copies of "live" Catalina volumes in all three released Beta versions of macOS 10.15. While much work still needs to be done to make things ready for external use, no obstacles are blocking us from pursuing at least one "definitely works" path.

Right up front, allow me to understate something: booting macOS is definitely not getting simpler.

When things change, as they have in Catalina, I've got to delve into what's going on using a combination of on-disk evidence, boot-time kernel logging, and trial-and-error.

When things fail, there's no persistent evidence, so I also spend a lot of time taking pictures of a rapidly scrolling "verbose boot" screen, watching what the kernel is shouting before it fails the boot and shuts down.

A lot of it is kind of tedious work, and there aren't any CSI-style glass panels and black lights to make it look more exciting and cinematic. It's just a bunch of screens and drives and cups of coffee and notes. It looks a bit like a conspiracy theory evidence board. With a crazy-looking person doing the same thing, with minor modifications, over and over again, usually to failure.

Oh-No-Dependent

But, sometimes, to success! And we're now at the point where we have a definite path forward that isn't gated on things we can't control.

That latter issue is a big deal in this business.

When there are bugs or limitations in frameworks or tools or whatever that can't be worked around, it reflects poorly on the product that depends on them. And so we've endeavored to do as much ourselves as we can, to ensure we're not overly coupled to things that have proven to be problematic.

For example, in a previous post, I mentioned how our sparse file handling is much faster than what's built into the system (copyfile) and a typical naïve, cross-platform implementation (rsync). Had we been dependent on either, it would have been much harder to improve the speed as much as we did.

But since we wrote and use our own copy engine, we were able to extensively optimize it without waiting for system-level improvements.

Of course, that has its own potential downsides (copyfile, an Apple API, should handle any OS-level changes needed, but has proven over the years to be buggy, slow, etc), so a careful balance needs to be maintained between dependence and independence. Being more independent means you have to track changes carefully and update when necessary. Being more dependent means you may be broken by factors outside your control...forcing you to rewrite things to be more independent.

Tradeoffs. Whee.

Doing the Right Thing

Last post, I mentioned that we had considered putting in "quick-'n-dirty" Catalina support to try to have something, given the public beta was imminent.

That was going to basically "combine" the two volumes—System and Data—into one, recreating the "old" structure. It was bootable, and "worked", but the problem was with restoration: if you wanted to restore more than just a few files, you would have had to clean install Catalina and migrate from the backup.

That is, basically, what you have to do to restore from Time Machine (it's handled for you), so we decided it just wasn't offering enough of a benefit beyond what Apple was going to provide, especially since we just wouldn't have enough time to test against all the different scenarios involved.

So, we decided to take the "hit" of not having something available, rather than have something "not good enough".

I know that's frustrating to users out there using these early Catalina builds, but, frankly, if you're jumping on early betas you know what you're in for. We're working hard to have a real solution available as soon as we can.

3.2.5's Continued Success

The new public version of SuperDuper continues to perform really well. The biggest issue we've seen is that some people are running through the "old" purchase process on an old version of SuperDuper, rather than installing 3.2.5 and purchasing in the app or the web site. But I can fix that up as soon as they contact me at support.

So, if you have a problem, contact me at support...

Forecast: Brighter Days Ahead

We continue to work to produce a version of SuperDuper! that's usable by "regular users", with a quality level appropriate for a Beta version. Good progress is being made, the path is clear, and now it's just a matter of writing, debugging and testing the rest of the code.

That's not a small task, of course. But it could be a lot worse!

More as there's anything interesting to add...

Another June has come (and gone), and with it the promise of a new, improved version of macOS. In this case, macOS 10.15: Catalina. Sounds so refreshing, doesn't it? Cool breezes, beautiful sunsets, pristine beaches along an endless coast.

But no matter what the imagery looks like, it's a time when I sit at Shirt Pocket HQ, braced for the inevitable news that it's going to be a long, hot summer. In my office. Drinking a lot of coffee.

Thus, in preparation for a lot of upcoming changes, we released v3.2.5 of SuperDuper to wrap up the work we did over the past few months. That release went great, and so it's time to recap previous OS releases and look to the future.

High Sierra

Back in 2017, the announcement of APFS was a big one: it meant re-engineering a lot of SuperDuper! to support the new (and barely documented) file system, along with its new capabilities and requirements. It meant months of investigation and implementation.

A difficult trek for us, but in the end, it meant a pretty painless transition for users, and with it came new features like Snapshots.

But it took us quite a while before we had a version that could be used externally.

Mojave

macOS 10.14 brought its own challenges, and new restrictions on what data could and couldn't be accessed, how scripting could and couldn't work, etc. This required even more reengineering, and another busy summer, despite the fact that Mojave was intended as a Snow Leopard-like "cleanup" release.

But, again, with that work came new capabilities, including better scheduling, smoother operation, command-line support, Smart Wake and Smart Delete.

Unlike the Mojave version, though, we were able to release something that would work well enough pretty early in the Beta cycle.

Catalina

Before going into this, let me state what should be obvious: if you're not specifically writing software that requires you to install Catalina, you shouldn't install the Catalina beta. Really. Let those of us who have to do this take the arrows. Once everything looks great, then you can come rushing in, looking all smart and heroic, and win the day.

Right now, for "regular users", there's no winning. It's all just blood and pain.

Catalina presents more challenges. Not only is the execution environment tightened further, with new requirements and restrictions, but the whole way the startup drive works has been significantly changed.

And I mean very significantly.

In essence, the startup volume is now comprised of two different volumes. The first is the "System" volume, which is what you start up from. That volume is now entirely read-only. Nobody can write to it, except the system, and even then, only when doing OS installs or updates. Users can't write to it. Applications can't write to it.

Basically, think of it as a Catalina CD-ROM you boot from. But, like, faster. And it can be updated. And it's not shiny.

OK, so maybe that's a bad analogy, but you get the idea.

Accompanying that is a new "Data" volume. That's where "your" stuff is. It's read/write. But it's also not visible: the System volume and the Data volume are combined into a new low-level structure called a "Volume Group".

The System volume "points to" the Data volume in this group using another new feature: firmlinks. And as with writing to the System volume itself, only Apple can create firmlinks. (Well, they're "reserved to the system". Plus, additional "synthetic" firmlinks are coming for network resources, but the details of those aren't out yet.)

This sounds complicated (and it is), but it's all supposed to be completely invisible to the user. You might not even notice if you're not the kind of person who looks closely at Disk Utility. (Then again, you're reading this, so you'd probably notice.)

That said, it's not (and can't be) invisible to SuperDuper. This new arrangement presents those of us who are creating bootable backups with—and I'll employ my mildest language here; the forehead-shaped dents in my desk tell a different story—something of a challenge: we can't write to a system volume (again, it's read-only) and we can't create firmlinks.

So...how are we going to create backups? How are we going to restore them?

Yeah, right around here during the announcement is where I might have peed myself a little.

Fetch My Deerstalker Hat! And Some Dry Pants!

Rather than draw this out further, after that initial panic (which always happens during WWDC, so I make sure I've got a ready change of clothes), I've done quite a lot of investigative work, delving into the new, mostly undocumented capabilities, many new APFS volume roles, how they all interact, and I've developed an approach that should work. It does, as they say, in "the lab".

That approach will require, once again, a huge number of changes on our end. These changes will be as extensive as the ones we had to make when APFS was introduced, if not more so. We have to take a quite different approach to copying, make understandable errors appear when the underlying system APIs provide no details, and we have to depend on a bunch of new, unfinished, un-and-under-documented things to make any of this work at all.

It also definitely means you won't be able to back up APFS to an HFS+ volume in 10.15. It's APFS turtles all the way down from here on out, folks, so if you haven't moved your backup volumes to APFS yet, plan to do so once you install Catalina.

But What Does That Mean For MEEEEE?

It's always about you, isn't it...Stuart. (Yes, you, Stuart. Who did you think I was talking about?)

Our goal, of course, is to make all of this new stuff invisible, or as close to invisible as possible. So, when you upgrade to Catalina, and you want to back it up with SuperDuper, it'll basically work the way it always has.

During development, though, this means Catalina is going to be more like Mojave. It'll be a while until we have something to share that you can use. During 3.2.5's development, we tried to come up with something "quick and (not too) dirty" that would do the job well enough to give people with the early betas some coverage, and it just couldn't be done to a quality level we were happy with.

We don't want to release something that we aren't confident will work reliably, even if there are some limitations. That'd be bad for you, and bad for us. So for now, if you're on an early Catalina beta, use Time Machine (and cross your fingers/sacrifice a chocolate bunny/pray to the backup gods).

So far, while we've validated the general approach, we've run into a lot of problems around the edges. Catalina's file system and tools are rife with bugs. Every time we head down one path, we're confronted with unexpected behavior, undocumented tools, crashes and failures. While we're reporting things to Apple, we're two betas in now, and it's not getting better.

Yet. Which is important, as it's still early days. No doubt Apple's exhausted engineers are barely recovered from the push to get stuff ready for WWDC (working to hard dates is never fun; we've all been there), and typically Developer Beta 2 is just "the stuff that we couldn't get done for WWDC that we wanted in Developer Beta 1". And—hey!—Developer Beta 3 just dropped, so who knows!

Anyway, we're forging ahead, confident in our approach. When we have something we will, as always, post it to the blog...and I'll be sharing any interesting trials and tribulations along the way.

When I'm done banging my head against my desk, at least.

You'd think, given I've written everything here, I'd learn to pay attention to what I've said in the past.

Let me explain. In v3.2.4, we started getting occasional reports of scheduled copies running more than once. Which seemed kind of crazy, because, well, our little time-based backup agent—sdbackupbytime—only runs once a minute, and I'd reviewed the code so many times. There was no chance of a logic error: it was only going to run these puppies one time.

But it was, sometimes, regardless. And one of the things I had to change to complete Smart Wake was to loop to stay active when there was a backup coming in the next minute. But the code was definitely right. Could that have caused this to happen?

(Spoiler alert after many code reviews, hand simulations and debugger step-throughs: NO.)

So if that code was right, why the heck were some users getting occasional multiple runs? And why wasn't it happening to us here at Shirt Pocket HQ?

Of course, anyone who reported any of these problems received an intermediate build that fixed them all. We didn't rush out a new update because the side effect was more copies rather than fewer.

Secondary Effects

Well, one thing we did in 3.2.4 was change what SuperDuper does when it starts.

Previously, in order to work around problems with Clean My Mac (which, for some reason, incorrectly disables our scheduling when a cleanup pass is run, much to my frustration), we changed SuperDuper to reload our LaunchAgents when it starts, in order to self-repair.

This worked fine, except when sdbackupbytime was waiting a minute to run another backup, or when sdbackuponmount was processing multiple drives. In that case, it could potentially kill the process waiting to complete its operation. So, in v3.2.4, we check to see if the version is different, and only perform the reload if the agent was updated.

The known problem with this is that it wouldn't fix Clean My Mac's disabling until the next update. But it also had a secondary effect: these occasional multiple runs. But why?

Well, believe it or not, it's because of ThrottleInterval. Again.

Readers may recall that launchd's ThrottleInterval doesn't really control how often a job might launch, "throttling" it to only once every n seconds. It actually forces a task to relaunch if it doesn't run for at least n seconds.

It does this even if a task succeeds, exits normally, and is set up to run, say, every minute.

sdbackupbytime is a pretty efficient little program, and takes but a fraction of a second to do what it needs to do. When it's done, it exits normally. But if it took less than 10 seconds to run, the system (sometimes) starts it again...and since it's in the same minute, it would run the same schedule a second time.

The previous behavior of SuperDuper masked this operation, because when it launched it killed the agent that had been re-launched: a secondary, unexpected effect. So the problem didn't show up until we stopped doing that.

And I didn't expect ThrottleInterval to apply to time-based agents, because you can set things to run down to every second, so why would it re-launch an agent that was going to have itself launched every minute? (It's not that I can't come up with reasons, it's just that those reasons are covered by other keys, like KeepAlive.)

Anyway, I changed sdbackupbytime to pointlessly sleep up to ThrottleInterval seconds if it was going to exit "too quickly", and the problem was solved...by doing something dumb.

Hey, you do what you have to do, you know? (And sometimes what you have to do is pay attention to your own damn posts.)

Queue'd

Another big thing we did was rework our AppleScript "queue" management to improve it. Which we did.

But we also broke something.

Basically, the queue maintains a semaphore that only allows one client at a time through to run copies using AppleScript. And we remove that client from the queue when its process exits.

The other thing we do is postpone quit when there are clients in the queue, to make sure it doesn't quit out from under someone who's waiting to take control.

In 3.2.4, we started getting reports that the "Shutdown on successful completion" command wasn't working, because SuperDuper wasn't quitting.

Basically, the process sending the Quit command was queued as a task trying to control us, and it never quit...so we deferred the quit until the queue drained, which never happened.

We fixed this and a few similar cases (people using keyboard managers or other things).

Leaving Things Out

As you might know, APFS supports "sparse files" which are, basically, files where "unwritten" data takes up no space on a drive. So, you might have a file that was preallocated with a size of 200GB, but if you only wrote to the first 1MB, it would only take up 1MB on the drive.

These types of files aren't used a lot, but they are used by Docker and VirtualBox, and we noticed that Docker and VirtualBox files were taking much longer to copy than we were comfortable with.

Our sparse file handling tried to copy a sparse file in a way that ensured it was taking a minimal amount of space. That meant we scanned every read block for zeros, and didn't write the sections of files that were 0 by seeking ahead from that point, and writing the non-zero part of the block.

The problem with this is that it takes a lot of time to scan every block. On top of that, there were some unusual situations where the OS would do...weird things...with certain types of seek operations, especially at the end of a file.

So, in 3.2.5, we've changed this so that rather than write a file "optimally", maximizing the number of holes, we write it "accurately". That is, we exactly replicate the sparse structure on the source. This speeds things up tremendously. For example, with a typical sparse docker image, the OS's low-level copyfile function takes 13 minutes to copy with full fidelity, rsync takes 3 minutes and doesn't provide full fidelity, whereas SuperDuper 3.2.5 takes 53 seconds and exactly replicates the source.

That's a win.

Don't Go Away Mad...

In Mojave 10.14.4 or so, we starting getting reports of an error unmounting the snapshot, after which the copy would fail.

I researched the situation, and in this unusual case, we'd ask the OS to eject the volume, it would say it wasn't able to, then we'd ask again (six times), and we'd get an error each time...because it was already unmounted.

So, it would fail to unmount something that it would then unmount. (Winning!)

That's been worked around in this update. (Actual winning!)

Improving the Terrible

As you've seen, Apple's process for granting Full Disk Access is awful. There's almost no guidance in the window—it's like they made it intentionally terrible (I think they did, to discourage people from doing it).

We'd hoped that they'd improve it, and while some small improvements have been made, it hasn't been enough. So, thanks to some work done and generously shared by Media Atelier, we now provide instructions and a draggable application proxy, overlaid on the original window. It's much, much better now.

Thanks again and a tip of the pocket to Pierre Bernard of Houdah Software and Stefan Fuerst of Media Atelier!

eSellerate Shutdown

Our long-time e-commerce provider, eSellerate, is shutting down as of 6/30. So, we had to move to a new "store".

After a long investigation, we've decided to move to Paddle, which—in our opinion—provides the best user experience of all the ones we tried.

Our new purchase process allows payment through more methods, including Apple Pay, and is simpler than before. And we've implemented a special URL scheme so your registration details can now be entered into SuperDuper from the receipt with a single click, which is cool, convenient, and helps to ensure they're correct.

Accomplishing this required quite a bit of additional engineering, including moving to a new serial number system, since eSellerate's was going away. We investigated a number of the existing solutions, and really didn't want to have the gigantically long keys they generated. So we developed our own.

We hope you like the new purchase process: thanks to the folks at Rogue Amoeba, Red Sweater Software, Bare Bones Software and Stand Alone—not to mention Thru-Hiker—for advice, examples and testing.

Note that this means versions of SuperDuper! older than 3.2.5 will not work with the new serial numbers (old serial numbers still work with the new SuperDuper). If you have a new serial number and you need to use it with an old version, please contact support.

(Note that this also means netTunes and launchTunes are no longer available for purchase. They'll be missed, by me at least.)

Various and Sundry

I also spent some time improving Smart Delete in this version; it now looks for files that have shrunk as candidates for pre-moval, and if it can't find any space, but we're writing to an APFS volume, I proactively thin any snapshots to free up space on the container.

All that means even fewer out of space errors. Hooray!

We also significantly improved our animations (which got weird during 10.13) by moving our custom animation code to Core Animation (wrapping ourselves in 2007's warm embrace) and fixed our most longstanding-but-surprisingly-hard-to-fix "stupid" bug: you can now tab between the fields in the Register... window. So, if you had long odds on that, contact your bookie: it's going to pay off big.

With a Bow

So there you go - the update is now available in-app, and of course has been released on the Shirt Pocket site. Download away!

As much as I want to keep SuperDuper!'s UI as spare as possible, there are times when there's no way around adding things.

For years, I've been trying to come up with a clever, transparent way of dealing with missing drives. There's obvious tension between the reasons this can happen:

1. A user is rotating drives, and wants two schedules, one for each drive
2. When away from the desktop, the user may not have the backup drive available
3. A drive is actually unavailable due to failure
4. A drive is unavailable because it wasn't plugged in

While the first two cases are "I meant to do that", the latter two are not. But unfortunately, there's insufficient context to be able to determine which case we're in.

Getting to "Yes"

That didn't stop me from trying to derive the context:

1. I could look at all the schedules that are there, see whether they were trying to run the same backup to different destinations, and look at when they'd last run... and if the last time was longer than a certain amount, I could prompt. (This is the Time Machine method, basically.)

   But that still assumes that the user is OK with a silent failure for that period of time...which would leave their data vulnerable with no notification.

2. I could try to figure out, from context (network name, IP address), what the typical "at rest" configuration is, and ignore the error when the context wasn't typical.

   But that makes a lot of assumptions about a "normal" context, and again leaves user data vulnerable. Plus, a laptop moves around a lot: is working on the couch different than at your desk, and how would you really know, in the same domicile? What about taking notes during a meeting?

3. How do you know the difference between this and being away from the connection?
4. Ditto.

So after spinning my wheels over and over again, the end result was: it's probably not possible. But the user knows what they want. You just have to let them tell you.

And so:

The schedule sheet now lets you indicate you're OK with a drive being missing, and that we shouldn't give an error.

In that case, SuperDuper won't even launch: there'll just be blissful silence.

The default is checked, and you shouldn't uncheck it unless you're sure that's what you want...but now, at least, you can tell SuperDuper what you want, and it'll do it.

And who knows? Maybe in the future we'll also warn you that it's been a while.

Maybe.

He's Dead, Jim

If you're not interested in technical deep-dives, or the details of how SuperDuper does what it does, you can skip to the next section...although you might find this interesting anyway!

In Practices Make Perfect (Backups), I discuss how simpler, more direct backups are inherently more reliable than using images or networks.

That goes for applications as well. The more complex they get, the more chances there are for things to go wrong.

But, as above, sometimes you have no choice. In the case of scheduling, things are broken down into little programs (LaunchAgents) that implement the various parts of the scheduling operation:

• sdbackupbytime manages time-based schedules
• sdbackuponmount handles backups that occur when volumes are connected

Each of those use sdautomatedcopycontroller to manage the copy, and that, in turn, talks to SuperDuper to perform the copy itself.

As discussed previously, sdautomatedcopycontroller talks to SuperDuper via AppleEvents, using a documented API: the same one available to you. (You can even use sdautomatedcopycontroller yourself: see this blog post.)

Frustratingly, we've been seeing occasional errors during automated copies. These were previously timeout errors (-1712), but after working around those, we started seeing the occasional "bad descriptor" errors (-1701) which would result in a skipped scheduled copy.

I've spent most of the last few weeks figuring out what's going on here, running pretty extensive stress tests (with >1600 schedules all fighting to run at once; a crazy case no one would ever run) to try to replicate the issue and—with luck—fix it.

Since sdautomatedcopycontroller talks to SuperDuper, it needs to know when it's running. Otherwise, any attempts to talk to it will fail. Apple's Scripting Bridge facilitates that communication, and the scripted program has an isRunning property you can check to make sure no one quit the application you were talking to.

Well, the first thing I found is this: isRunning has a bug. It will sometimes say "the application isn't running" when it plainly is, especially when a number of external programs are talking to the same application. The Scripting Bridge isn't open source, so I don't know what the bug actually is (not that I especially want to debug Apple's code), but I do know it has one: it looks like it's got a very short timeout on certain events it must be sending.

When that short timeout (way under the 2-minute default event timeout) happens, we would get the -1712 and -1701 errors...and we'd skip the copy, because we were told the application had quit.

To work around that, I'm no longer using isRunning to determine whether SuperDuper is still running. Instead, I observe terminated in NSRunningApplication...which, frankly, is what I thought Scripting Bridge was doing.

That didn't entirely eliminate the problems, but it helped. In addition, I trap the two errors, check to see what they're actually doing, and (when possible) return values that basically have the call run again, which works around additional problems in the Scripting Bridge. With those changes, and some optimizations on the application side (pro tip: even if you already know the pid, creating an NSRunningApplication is quite slow), the problem looks to be completely resolved, even in the case where thousands of instances of sdautomatedcopycontroller are waiting to do their thing while other copies are executing.

Time's Up

Clever readers (Hi, Nathan!) recognized that there was a failure case in Smart Wake. Basically, if the machine fell asleep in the 59 seconds before the scheduled copy time, the copy wouldn't run, because the wake event was canceled.

This was a known-but-unlikely issue that I didn't have time to fix and test before release (we had to rush out version 3.2.3 due to the Summer Time bug). I had time to complete the implementation in this version, so it's fixed in 3.2.4.

And with that, it's your turn:

Download SuperDuper! 3.2.4

In v3.2.2 of SuperDuper!, I introduced the new Auto Wake feature. It's whole reason for being is to wake the computer when the time comes for a backup to run.

Simple enough. No UI beyond the regular scheduling interface. The whole thing is managed for you.

But What About...?

I expected some pushback but, well, almost none! A total of three users had an issue with the automatic wake, in similar situations.

Basically, these users kept their systems on but their screens off. Rather inelegantly, even when the system is already awake, a wake event always turns the screen on, which would either wake the user in one case, or not turn the screen off again in the other due to other system issues.

It's always something.

Of course, they wanted some sort of "don't wake" option...which I really didn't want to do. Every option, every choice, every button adds cognitive load to a UI, which inevitably confuses users, causes support questions, and degrades the overall experience.

Sometimes, of course, you need a choice: it can't be helped. But if there's any way to solve a problem—even a minor one—without any UI impact, it's almost always the better way to go.

Forget the "almost": it's always the better way to go. Just do the right thing and don't call attention to it.

That's the "magic" part of a program that just feels right.

Proving a Negative

You can't tell a wake event to not wake if the system is already awake, because that's not how wake events work: they're either set or they're not set, and have no conditional element.

And I mentioned above, they're not smart enough to know the system is already awake.

Apple, of course, has its own "dark wake" feature, used by Power Nap. Dark wake, as is suggested by the name, wakes a system without turning on the screen. However, it's not available to 3rd party applications and has task-specific limitations that tease but do not deliver a solution here.

And you can't put up a black screen on wake, or adjust the brightness, because it's too late by the time the wake happens.

So there was no official way to make the wake not wake the screen available to 3rd parties.

In fact, the only way to wake is to not wake at all...but that would require an option. And there was no way I was adding an option. Not. Going. To. Happen.

Smart! Wake!

Somehow, I had to make it smarter. And so, after some working through the various possibilities... announcing... Smart Wake! (Because there's nothing like driving a word like "Smart" into the ground! At least I didn't InterCap.)

For those who are interested, here's how it works:

• Every minute, our regular "time" backup agent looks to see if it has something to do
• Once that's done, it gathers all the various potential schedules and figures out the one that will run next
• It cancels any previous wake event we've created, and sets up a wake event for any event more than one minute into the future

Of course, describing it seems simple: it always is, once you figure it out. Implementing it wasn't hard, because it's built on the work that was already done in 3.2.2 that manages a single wake for all the potential events. Basically, if we are running a minute before the backup is scheduled to run, we assume we're also going to be running a minute later, and cancel any pending wakes for that time. So, if we have an event for 3am, at 2:59am we cancel that wake if we're already running.

That ensures that a system that's already awake will not wake the screen, whereas a system that's sleeping will wake as expected.

Fixes and Improvements

We've also fixed some other things:

• Due to a pretty egregious bug in Sierra's power manager (Radar 45209004 for any Apple Friends out there, although it's only 10.12 and I'm sure 10.12 is not getting fixed now), multiple alarms could be created with the wrong tag.
• Conversion to APFS on Fusion drives can create completely invalid "symlinks to nowhere". We now put a warning in the log and continue.
• Every so often, users were getting timeout errors (-1712) on schedules
• Due to a stupid error regarding Summer Time/Daylight Savings comparisons, sdbackupbytime was using 100% CPU the day before a time change
• General scheduling improvements

That's it. Enjoy!

Download SuperDuper! 3.2.3

Executive Summary

SuperDuper 3.2 is now available. It includes

• Mojave support
• Native Notification Center support (in addition to the existing Growl support)
• Better scheduling
• A Finder extension to quickly run copies
• For the technical: command-line support
• Various bug fixes and improvements
• And surprise! (I love surprises) -- Smart Delete.

In the Less Smart Days of Old(e)

Since the SuperDuper!'s first release, we've had Smart Update, which speeds up copying by quickly evaluating a drive on the fly, copying and deleting where appropriate. It does this in one pass for speed and efficiency. Works great.

However, there's a small downside to this approach: if your disk is relatively full, and a change is made that could temporarily fill the disk during processing, even though the final result would fit, we're trigger a disk full error, and stop.

Recovery typically involved doing an Erase, then copy backup, which took time and was riskier than we'd like.

Safety First (and second)

There are some subtleties in the way Smart Update is done that can aggravate this situation -- but for a good cause.

While we don't "leave all the deletions to the end", as some have suggested (usually via a peeved support email), we consciously delete files as late as is practical: what we call "post-traversal". So, in a depth-first copy, we clean up as we "pop" back up the directory tree.

In human (as opposed to developer) terms, that means when we're about to leave a folder, we tidy it up, removing anything that shouldn't be there.

Why do we do it this way?

Well, when users make mistakes, we want to give them the best chance of recovery with a data salvaging tool. By copying before deleting at a given level, we don't overwrite them with new data as quickly. So, in an emergency, it's much easier for a data salvaging tool to get the files back.

The downside, though, is a potential for disk full errors when there's not much free space on a drive.

Smart Delete

Enter Smart Delete!

This is something we've been thinking about and working on for a while. The problem has always been balancing safety with convenience. But we've finally come up with a idea (and implementation) that works really well.

Basically, if we hit a disk full error, we "peek" ahead and clean things up before Smart Update gets there, just enough so it can do what it needs to do. Once we have the space, Smart Delete stops and allows the regular Smart Update to do its thing.

Smart Update and Smart Delete work hand-in-hand to minimize disk full errors while maximizing speed and safety, with no significant speed penalty.

Everyone Wins!

So there you go: another completely "invisible" feature that improves SuperDuper! in significant ways that you don't have to think about...or even notice. You'll just see (or, rather, not see) fewer failures in more "extreme" copies.

This is especially useful for Photographers and others who typically deal with large data files, and who rename or move huge folders of content. Whereas before those might fill a drive, now the copy will succeed.

Mojave Managed

We're also supporting Mojave in 3.2 with one small caveat: for the moment, we've opted out of Dark Mode. We just didn't have enough time to finish our Dark Mode implementation, didn't like what we had, and rather than delay things, decided to keep it in the lab for more testing and refinement. It'll be in a future update.

More Surprises in Store

We've got more things planned for the future, of course, so thanks for using SuperDuper! -- we really appreciate each and every one of you.

Enjoy the new version, and let us know if you have any questions!

Download SuperDuper! 3.2

(OK, yeah, I should have used "The Revenge" for B4. Stop being such a stickler.)

Announcing SuperDuper 3.2 B3: a cavalcade of unnoticeable changes!

The march towards Mojave continues, and with the SAE (September Apple Event) happening today, I figured we'd release a beta with a bunch of polish that you may or may not notice.

But First...Something Technical!

As I've mentioned in previous posts, we've rewritten our scheduling, moving away from AppleScript to Swift, to avoid the various security prompts that were added to Mojave when doing pretty basic things.

Initially, I followed the basic structure of what I'd done before, effectively implementing a fully functional "proof of concept" to make sure it was going to do what it needed to do, without any downside.

In this Beta, I've moved past the original logic, and have taken advantage of capabilities that weren't possible, or weren't efficient, in AppleScript.

For example: the previously mentioned com.shirtpocket.lastVolumeList.plist was a file that kept track of the list of volumes mounted on the system, generated by sdbackuponmount at login. When a new mount occurred, or when the /Volumes folder changed, launchd would run sdbackuponmount again. It'd get a list of current volumes, compare that to the list of previous volumes, run the appropriate schedules for any new volumes, update com.shirtpocket.lastVolumeList.plist and quit.

This all made sense in AppleScript: the only way to find out about new volumes was to poll, and polling is terrible, so we used launchd to do it intelligently, and kept state in a file. I kept the approach in the rewritten version at first.

But...Why?

When I reworked things to properly handle ThrottleInterval, I initially took this same approach and kept checking for new volumes for 10 seconds, with a sleep in between. I wrote up the blog post to document ThrottleInterval for other developers, and posted it.

That was OK, and worked fine, but also bugged me. Polling is bad. Even slow polling is bad.

So, I spent a while reworking things to block, and use semaphores, and mount notifications to release the semaphore which checked the disk list, adding more stuff to deal with the complex control flow...

...and then, looking at what I had done, I realized I was being a complete and utter fool.

Not by trying to avoid polling. But by not doing this the "right way". The solution was staring me right in the face.

Block-head

Thing is, volume notifications are built into Workspace, and always have been. Those couldn't be used in AppleScript, but they're right there for use in Objective-C or Swift.

So all I had to do was subscribe to those notifications, block waiting for them to happen, and when one came in, react to it. No need to quit, since it's no longer polling at all. And no state file, because it's no longer needed: the notification itself says what volume was mounted.

It's been said many times: if you're writing a lot of code to accomplish something simple, you're not using the Frameworks properly.

Indeed.

There really is nothing much more satisfying than taking code that's become overly complicated and deleting most of it. The new approach is simpler, cleaner, faster and more reliable. All good things.

Download

That change is in there, along with a bunch more. You probably won't notice any big differences, but they're there and they make things better.

Download SuperDuper! 3.2 B3

Warning: this is a technical post, put here in the hopes that it'll help someone else someday.

We've had a problem over the years that our Backup on Connect LaunchAgent produces a ton of logging after a drive is attached and a copy is running. The logging looks something like:

9/2/18 8:00:11.182 AM com.apple.xpc.launchd[1]: (sdbackuponmount) Service only ran for 0 seconds. Pushing respawn out by 60 seconds.

Back when we originally noticed the problem, over 5 years ago, we "fixed" it by adjusting ThrottleInterval to 0 (found experimentally at the time). It had no negative effects, but the problem came back later and I never could understand why...certainly, it didn't make sense based on the man page, which says:

ThrottleInterval <integer>

This key lets one override the default throttling policy imposed on jobs by launchd. The value is in seconds, and by default, jobs will not be spawned more than once every 10 seconds. The principle behind this is that jobs should linger around just in case they are needed again in the near future. This not only reduces the latency of responses, but it encourages developers to amortize the cost of program invocation.

So. That implies that the jobs won't be spawned more often than every n seconds. OK, not a problem! Our agent processes the mounts changes quickly, launches the backups if needed and quits. That seemed sensible--get in, do your thing quickly, and get out. We didn't respawn the jobs, and processed all of the potential intervening mounts and unmounts that might happen in a 10-second "throttled" respawn.

It should have been fine... but wasn't.

The only thing I could come up with was that there must be a weird bug in WatchPaths where under some conditions, it would trigger on writes to child folders, even though it was documented not to. I couldn't figure out how to get around it, so we just put up with the logging.

But that wasn't the problem. The problem is what the man page isn't saying, but is implied in the last part: "jobs should linger around just in case they are needed again" is the key.

Basically, the job must run for at least as long as the ThrottleInterval is set to (default = 10 seconds). If it doesn't run for that long, it respawns the job, adjusted by a certain amount of time, even when the condition isn't triggered again.

So, in our case, we'd do our thing quickly and quit. But we didn't run for the minimum amount of time, and that caused the logging. launchd would then respawn us. We wouldn't have anything to do, so we'd quit quickly again, repeating the cycle.

Setting ThrottleInterval to 0 worked, when that was allowed, because we'd run for more than 0 seconds, so we wouldn't respawn. But when they started disallowing it ("you're not that important")...boom.

Once I figured out what the deal was, it was an easy enough fix. The new agent runs for the full, default, 10-second ThrottleInterval. Rather than quitting immediately after processing the mounts, it sleeps for a second and processes them again. It continues doing this until it's been running for 10 seconds, then quits.

With that change, the logging has stopped, and a long mystery has been solved.

This'll be in the next beta. Yay!

SuperDuper! 3.2 B1 was well received. We literally had no bugs reported against it, which was pretty gratifying.

So, let's repeat that with SuperDuper! 3.2 B2! (There's a download link at the bottom of this post.)

Remember - SuperDuper! 3.2 runs with macOS 10.10 and later, and has improvements for every user, not just those using Mojave.

Here are some technical things that you might not immediately notice:

1. If you're running SuperDuper! under Mojave, you need to add it to Full Disk Access. SuperDuper! will prompt you and refuse to run until this permission has been granted.

   Due to the nature of Full Disk Access, it has to be enabled before SuperDuper is launched--that's why we don't wait for you to add it and automatically proceed.

2. As I explained in the last post, we've completely rewritten our scheduling so it's no longer in AppleScript. We've split that into a number of parts, one of which can be used by you from AppleScript, Automator, shell script--whatever--to automatically perform a copy using saved SuperDuper settings.

   In case you didn't realize it: copy settings, which include the source and destination drives, the copy script and all the options, plus the log from when it was run, can be saved using the File menu, and you can put them anywhere you'd like.

   The command line tool that runs settings is called sdautomatedcopycontroller (so catchy!) and is in our bundle. For convenience, there's a symlink to it available in ~/Library/Application Support/SuperDuper!/Scheduled Copies, and we automatically update that symlink if you move SuperDuper.

   The command takes one or more settings files as parameters (either as Unix paths or file:// URLs), and handles all the details needed to run SuperDuper! automatically. If there's a copy in progress, it waits until SuperDuper! is available. Any number of these can be active, so you could throw 20 of them in the background, supply 20 files on the command line: it's up to you. sdautomatedcopycontroller manages the details of interacting with SuperDuper for you.

3. We've also created a small Finder extension that lets you select one or more settings files and run them--select "Run SuperDuper! settings" in the Services menu. The location and name of this particular command may change in future betas. (FYI, it's a very simple Automator action and uses the aforementioned sdautomatedcopycontroller.)

4. We now automatically mount the source and destination volumes during automated copies. Previously, we only mounted the destination. The details are managed by sdautomatedcopycontroller, so the behavior will work for your own runs as well.

   Any volumes that were automatically mounted are automatically scheduled for unmount at the end of a successful copy. The unmounts are performed when SuperDuper quits (unless the unmount is vetoed by other applications such as Spotlight or Antivirus).

5. There is no #5.

6. sdautomatedcopycontroller also automatically unlocks source or destination volumes if you have the volume password in the keychain.

   If you have a locked APFS volume and you've scheduled it (or have otherwise set up an automated copy), you'll get two security prompts the first time through. The first authorizes sdautomatedcopycontroller to access your keychain. The second allows it to access the password for the volume.

   To allow things to run automatically, click "Always allow" for both prompts. As you'd expect, once you've authorized for the keychain, other locked volumes will only prompt to access the volume password.

7. We've added Notification Center support for scheduled copies. If Growl is not present and running, we fall back to Notification Center. Our existing, long-term Growl support remains intact.

   If you have need of more complicated notifications, we still suggest using Growl, since, in addition to supporting "forwarding" to the notification center, it can also be configured to send email and other handy things.

   Plus, supporting other developers is cool. Growl is in the App Store and still works great. We support 3rd party developers and think you should kick them some dough, too! All of us work hard to make your life better.

8. Minor issue, but macOS used to clean up "local temporary files" (which were deleted on logout) by moving the file to the Trash. We used a local temporary file for Backup on Connect, and would get occasional questions from users asking why they would find a file we were using for that feature in the trash.

   Well, no more. The file has been sent to the land of wind and ghosts.

That'll do for now: enjoy!

Download SuperDuper! 3.2 B2

Executive summary: sure, it's the Friday before Labor Day weekend, but there's a beta of SuperDuper for Mojave at the bottom of this (interesting?) post!

It Gets Worse

Back when OS X Lion (10.7) was released, the big marketing push was that iOS features were coming "Back to the Mac", after the (pretty stellar) Snow Leopard update that focused on stability, but didn't add much in the way of features.

Mojave (10.14) also focuses on stability and security. But in some ways, it takes an iOS "sandbox" approach to the task, and that makes things worse, not only for "traditional" users who use the Mac as a Mac (as opposed to a faster iPad-with-a-keyboard), but for regular applications as well.

Not Just Automation

Many more advanced Mac users employ AppleScript or Automator to automate complicated or repetitive tasks. Behind the scenes, many applications use Apple Events--which underlay AppleScript--to ask other applications, or parts of the system, to perform tasks for which they are designed.

A Simple Example

A really simple example is Xcode. There's a command in Xcode's File menu to Show in Finder.

When you choose that command, Xcode sends an Apple Event that asks Finder to open the folder where the file is, and to select that file. Pretty basic, and that type of thing has been in Mac applications since well before OS X.

In Beta 8 of Mojave, that action is considered unsafe. When selected, the system alarmingly prompts that "“Xcode” would like to control the application “Finder”." and asks the user if they want to allow it.

Now, there's no real explanation as to why this is alarming, and in this case, the user did ask to show the file in Finder, so they're likely to Allow it, and once done, they won't be prompted when Xcode asks Finder to do things.

A More Complex Example

Back in 2006. when we added scheduling to SuperDuper, we decided to do it in a way that was as user-extensible as possible. We designed and implemented an AppleScript interface, used that interface to run scheduled copies, and provided the schedule driver, "Copy Job", in source form, so users would have an example of how to script SuperDuper.

That's worked out well, but as of Mojave, the approach had to change because of these security prompts.

Wake Up, Time to Die

An AppleScript of any reasonable complexity needs to talk to many different parts of the system in order to do its thing: that is, after all, what it's designed for.

But those parts of the system aren't necessarily things a user would recognize.

For example, our schedule driver needs to talk to System Events, Finder and, of course, SuperDuper itself.

When a schedule starts, those prompts suddenly appear, referencing an invisible application called Copy Job. And while a user might recognize a prompt for SuperDuper, it's quite unlikely they'll know what System Events is, or why they should allow the action.

Worse, a typical schedule runs when the user isn't even present, and so the prompts go without response, and the events time out.

Worse still, a timeout (the system defaults to two minutes) doesn't re-prompt, but assumes the answer is "no".

And even worse yet, a negative response fundamentally breaks scheduling in a way users can't easily recover from. (In Beta 8. a command-line utility is the "solution", but asking the user to resort to an obscure Unix command in order to repair this is unreasonable.)

That's just one example. There are many others.

Reaching an Accommodation

Of course, this is not acceptable. We can't have everything break randomly (and confusingly) for users just because they've installed a new OS version with an ill-considered implementation detail.

Instead, we've worked around the problem.

Scheduling has been completely rewritten for the next version of SuperDuper. We're still using our scripting interface, but the schedule driver is now a command-line application that doesn't need to talk to other system services via AppleEvents to do the things it needs to do. It only needs to talk to SuperDuper, and since it's signed with the same developer certificate, it can do that without prompting. A link to the beta with this change, among others, is at the end of the post.

This does mean, unfortunately, that users who edited our schedule driver can't do that any more: our driver has to be signed, and thus can't be modified. (I'll have more on this in a future post.)

It's more than a bit ironic that an approach that avoids the prompting can do far more, silently, than the original ever could, but that's what happens when you use a 16-ton weight to hammer in a security nail.

When SuperDuper! is started, we've added a blocking prompt for Full Disk Access, which is required to copy your data in Mojave, and--if you're using Sleep or Shut Down--access to the aforementioned System Events, which is used to provide those features. Still ugly, but we've done what we can to minimize the prompts.

What a View

This should remind you of one thing: Windows Vista.

Back when Microsoft released Vista, they added a whole bunch of security prompts that proved to be one of worst ideas Microsoft ever had. And it didn't work. It annoyed users so much, and caused such a huge backlash that they backed off the approach, and got smarter about their prompting in later releases.

Perhaps Apple's marketing team needs to talk to engineering?

Those who ignore history...

Download SuperDuper! 3.2 Public Beta 1